Critical-minerals security has become a significant industrial-policy issue. This session widens the lens to show how agencies globally are deploying frameworks such as stockpiling, upstream mining risk support, inventory financing and recycling to reduce supply-chain dependence and support technology and transition-related demand. This panel will delve into:

• ECAs taking mining and refining risk - reopening upstream assets and building domestic refining to break the processing monopoly
• How EXIM's Project Vault offtake de-risks LatAm lithium and copper project finance, and where traders (Hartree, Traxys, Mercuria) intermediate
• Where ECAs, DFIs and private capital sit in the capital stack, and what “credible long-term offtake” means for bankability